The Vienna Circle is a group
of philosophers who gathered around Moritz Schlick, after his coming in Vienna
in 1922. They organized a philosophical association, named Verein Ernst Mach
(Ernst Mach Association). However, meetings on philosophy of science and
epistemology began as early as 1907, promoted by Frank, Hahn and Neurath, who
later arranged to bring Schlick at the University of Vienna. Among Vienna
Circle's members were M. Schlick, Rudolf Carnap, H. Feigl, P. Frank, K. Gödel,
H. Hahn, V. Kraft, O. Neurath, F. Waismann. Also K. R. Popper and H. Kelsen had
many contacts with the Vienna Circle, although they did not belong to it. At
the meetings, the Tractatus of Ludwig Wittgenstein was also discussed, and
there were several meetings between Wittgenstein, Schlick, Waismann and Carnap.
In 1929 Hahn, Neurath and Carnap published the manifesto of the circle:
Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis (A scientific world-view.
The Vienna Circle).
Vienna Circle was very active
in advertising the new philosophical ideas of logical positivism. Several
congresses on epistemology and philosophy of science were organized, with the
help of the Berlin Circle. There were some preparatory congresses: Prague
(1929), Könisberg (1930), Prague (1934) and then the first congress on
scientific philosophy held in Paris (1935), followed by congresses in
Copenhagen (1936), Paris (1937), Cambridge, England (1938), Cambridge, Mass.
(1939). The Könisberg congress (1930) was very important, because Gödel
announced he had proved the completeness of first order logic and the
incompleteness of arithmetic. Another very interesting congress was the one
held in Copenhagen (1936), which was dedicated to quantum physics and
causality.
Between 1928 and 1937, the
Vienna Circle published ten books in a series named Schriften zur
wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung (Papers on the Scientific Worldview), edited
by Schlick and Frank. Among these works was Logik der Forschung, 1935, which is
the first book published by K. R. Popper. Seven works were published in another
series, called Einheitswissenschaft (Unified Science), edit by Carnap, Frank,
Hahn, Neurath, Joergensen (after Hahn's death) and Morris (from 1938). In 1930
Carnap and Hans Reichenbach undertook the editorship of the journal Erkenntnis,
which was published between 1930 and 1940 (from 1939 the editors were Neurath,
Carnap and Morris).
The following is the list of
works published in the two series edited by the Vienna Circle.
(1) Schriften zur
wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung (Papers on scientific world-view), edit by
Schlick and Frank.
R. von Mises,
Wahrscheinlichkeit, Statistik und Wahrheit, 1928 (Probability, statistics, and
truth, New York : Macmillan company, 1939)
R. Carnap, Abriss der
Logistik, 1929
M. Schlick, Fragen der Ethik,
1930 (Problems of ethics, New York : Prentice-Hall, 1939)
O. Neurath, Empirische
Soziologie, 1931
P. Frank, Das Kausalgesetz und
seine Grenzen, 1932 (The law of causality and its limits, Dordrecth ; Boston :
Kluwer, 1997)
O. Kant, Zur Biologie der
Ethik, 1932
R. Carnap, Logische Syntax der
Sprache, 1934 (The logical syntax of language, New York : Humanities, 1937)
K. R. Popper, Logik der
Forschung, 1934 (The logic of scientific discovery, New York : Basic Books,
1959)
J. Schächeter, Prologomena zu
einer kritischen Grammatik, 1935 (Prolegomena to a critical grammar, Dordrecth
; Boston : D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1973)
V. Kraft, Die Grundlagen einer
wissenschaftliche Wertlehre, 1937 (Foundations for a scientific analysis of
value, Dordrecth ; Boston : D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1981)
(2) Einheitswissenschaft
(Unified science), edit by Carnap, Frank, Hahn, Neurath, Joergensen (after
Hahn's death), Morris (from 1938)
H. Hahn, Logik, Mathematik und
Naturerkennen, 1933
O. Neurath,
Einheitswissenschaft und Psychologie, 1933
R. Carnap, Die Aufgabe der
Wissenschaftlogik, 1934
P. Frank, Das Ende der
mechanistichen Physik, 1935
O. Neurath, Was bedeutet
rationale Wirtschaftsbetrachtung, 1935
O. Neurath, E. Brunswik, C.
Hull, G. Mannoury, J. Woodger, Zur Enzyclopädie der Einheitswissenschaft.
Vorträge, 1938
R. von Mises, Ernst Mach und
die empiritische Wissenschaftauffasung, 1939
These works are translated in
Unified science - The Vienna Circle monograph series originally edited by Otto
Neurath, Kluwer, 1987.
The members of the Vienna
Circle were dispersed when the Nazi Party came to power in Germany; many of
them emigrated to the U.S.A., where they taught in several universities.
Schlick remained in Austria, but in 1936 he was killed by a Nazi sympathizer
student in the University of Vienna.
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