Socratic wisdom refers to
Socrates' understanding of the limits of his knowledge in that he only knows
that which he knows and makes no assumption of knowing anything more or less.
Although never directly penned by Socrates' as a theory or treatise, our understanding
of his philosophies as they relate to wisdom derives from Plato's writings on
the subject. In works like "Apology," Plato describes the life and
trials Socrates that influence our understanding of the truest element of
"Socratic wisdom:" We are only as wise as our awareness of our
ignorance.
The
True Meaning of Socrates' Famous Quote
Although attributed to
Socrates, the now famous "I know that I know nothing" really refers
to an interpretation of Plato's account of Socrates' life, though is never
directly stated. In fact, Socrates often highly asserts his intelligence in
Plato's work, even going so far as to say he would die for it. Still, the
sentiment of the phrase echoes some of Socrates' most famous quotes on wisdom.
For instance, Socrates' once
said: "I do not think that I know what I do not know." In the context
of this quote, Socrates is explaining that he does not claim to possess the
knowledge of artisans or scholars on subjects he has not studied, that he bears
no false pretense to understanding those. In another quote on the same topic of
expertise, Socrates once said, "I know very well that I possess no
knowledge worth speaking of" on the topic of building a home.
What's actually true of
Socrates is that he has said quite the opposite of "I know that I know
nothing." His routine discussion of intellect and understanding hinges
upon his own intelligence. In fact, he does not fear death because he says
"to fear death is to think that we know what we do not," and he is
absent of this delusion of understanding what death could mean without ever
seeing it.
Socrates,
the Wisest Human
In "Apology," Plato
describes Socrates at his trial in 399 B.C.E. where Socrates tells the court
how his friend Chaerephon asked the Delphic Oracle if anyone was wiser than
himself. The oracle's answer — that no human was wiser than Socrates — left him
bewildered, so he embarked on a quest to find someone wiser than himself in
order to prove the oracle wrong.
What Socrates found, though,
was that although many people had particular skills and areas of expertise,
they all tended to think they were wise about other matters too — such as what
policies the government should pursue — when they clearly were not. He concluded
that the oracle was right in a certain limited sense: he, Socrates, was wiser
than others in this one respect: that he was aware of his own ignorance.
This awareness goes by two
names that seem virtually opposed to one another: "Socratic ignorance"
and "Socratic wisdom." But there is no real contradiction here.
Socratic wisdom is a sort of humility: it simply means being aware of how
little one really knows; how uncertain one's beliefs are; and how likely it is
that many of them may turn out to be mistaken. In the "Apology,"
Socrates doesn't deny that true wisdom — a real insight into the nature of
reality — is possible; but he seems to think it is enjoyed only by the gods,
not by human beings.
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