All Truth Is Local
Cultural Relativism is the view that moral or ethical systems, which
vary from culture to culture, are all equally valid and no one system is really
“better” than any other. This is based on the idea that there is no ultimate
standard of good or evil, so every judgment about right and wrong is a product
of society. Therefore, any opinion on morality or ethics is subject to the
cultural perspective of each person. Ultimately, this means that no moral or
ethical system can be considered the “best,” or “worst,” and no particular
moral or ethical position can actually be considered “right” or “wrong.”
Cultural relativism is a widely held position in the modern world. Words
like “pluralism,” “tolerance,” and “acceptance” have taken on new meanings, as
the boundaries of “culture” have expanded. The loose way in which modern
society defines these ideas has made it possible for almost anything to be
justified on the grounds of “relativism.” The umbrella of “relativism” includes
a fairly wide range of ideas, all of which introduce instability and
uncertainty into areas that were previously considered settled.
Stepping up to the edge of a
cliff gives you a good perspective of the terrain below. Taking one step too
far, as cultural relativism does, is simply a disaster.
Obviously, perspective is important to our understanding of history,
psychology, and politics. Cultural perspective can help us understand why
certain actions are considered right or wrong by a particular culture. For
example, an ancient society might have considered dyeing one’s hair green to be
a punishable offense. Most modern societies would find that strange, if not
oppressive. Yet, good cultural perspective might tell us more. If we were to
find out that green hair was a sign of a prostitute, we would understand that
it wasn’t the hair color itself, but the prostitution that was truly considered
“wrong.”
However, the problem with moving from cultural perspective to cultural
relativism is the erosion of reason that it causes. Rather than simply saying,
“we need to understand the morals of other cultures,” it says, “we cannot judge
the morals of other cultures,” regardless of the reasons for their actions.
There is no longer any perspective, and it becomes literally impossible to
argue that anything a culture does is right or wrong. Holding to strict cultural relativism, it is
not possible to say that human sacrifice is “wrong,” or that respect for the
elderly is “right.” After all, those are products of the culture. This takes
any talk of morality right over the cliff, and into meaningless gibberish.
Tolerance, acceptance of differences, respect for all cultures are absolutely
right and our world lives by those standards. Problems begin to arise when
someone gets “hurt.” Perhaps the starting point maybe to put again into use
Kant’s moral categorical imperative. First formulation: “Act only according to
that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a
universal law without contradiction.” Second formulation:“Act in such a way
that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any
other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an
end.” Third formulation: “Therefore, every rational being must so act as if he
were through his maxim always a legislating member in the universal kingdom of
ends.” The first formulation of the Categorical Imperative appears similar to “The
Golden Rule.” Kant himself did not think so in “Grounding for the Metaphysics
of Morals “ Rather, the categorical imperative is an attempt to identify a
purely formal and necessarily universally binding rule on all rational agents.
The Golden Rule, on the other hand, is neither purely formal nor necessarily
universally binding. It is "empirical" in the sense that applying it
depends on providing content, like "If you don't want others to hit you,
then don't hit them." Also, it is a hypothetical imperative in the sense
that it can be formulated, "If you want X done to you, then do X to
others." Kant feared that the hypothetical clause, "if you want X
done to you," remains open to dispute. He wanted an imperative that was
categorical: "Do X to others." And this he thinks he discovered and
formulated. Kant thought, therefore, that the Golden Rule (insofar as it is
accurate) is derived from the categorical imperative
Absolutely Impossible
The contradiction of cultural relativism becomes immediately apparent. A
society that embraces the notion that there is no ultimate “right” or “wrong”
loses the ability to make any judgments at all. The way in which relativism,
including cultural relativism, has permeated modern society is demonstrated in
the bizarre ways in which we try to deal with this contradiction. “Tolerance”
has mutated to imply unconditional support and agreement for all opinions or
lifestyles. However, those who choose to be “intolerant” are not to be
supported or agreed with. Tolerance, therefore, becomes an “ultimate good” in and
of itself, which is contradictory to the entire idea of relativism. In the same
way, heinous crimes such as rape and murder demand a moral judgment -- but
strict cultural relativism cannot say that such things are always wrong.
Relativism in general breaks down when examined from a purely logical
perspective. The basic premise is that “truth is relative.” If every truth
statement is valid, then the statement “some truths are absolute” must be
valid. The statement “there are no absolute truths” is accurate, according to
relativism -- but it is an absolute truth itself. These contradict the very
concept of relativism, meaning that absolute relativism is self-contradictory
and impossible.
Crumbling Away
In practice, cultural relativism cannot overcome the boundaries of
logic, nor can it override the sense of morality inherent to mankind. We
instinctively know that some things are wrong, so cultural relativists attempt
to tweak their philosophy to fit that need. Declaring certain actions “mostly”
wrong, or “mostly” right is nothing more than making up the rules as one goes.
Saying that some morals are “better,” even if they aren’t “the best,” still
implies some ultimate standard that’s being used to make that judgment. How do
you know which cloud is higher unless you know which way “up” is? To firmly
state that anything at all is always wrong is to reject relativism itself. In
the end, those who insist on clinging to cultural relativism must jettison
logic, because there isn’t room for both. It is literally impossible for a
person to rationally believe that there are no moral absolutes, or at least to
live out that belief in any meaningful way.
Since this philosophy is
nonsensical, there must be some fundamental absolutes of right and wrong,
regardless of the opinions of any given society. Since there are disagreements
among different cultures, we cannot assume that these truths are developed by
one particular group of people. In fact, the only logical place for these
concepts to originate from is something more universal, or at least more
fundamental, than culture. What may
be? I am not sure, but we must work on
it. Something akin to the resurrection of Universals from the ashes of
post-modernism, very easy said but very, very complex to realize. Kant help us
!
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