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(c. 610—546 B.C.E.) Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy. He speculated and argued about ...

Introduction Aristotle (384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidice, on the nort...

(c. 570—c. 495 B.C.E) The pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Pythagoras must have been one of the world's greatest persons, but he wr...

Introduction Seneca’s three Consolatory works, De Consolatione ad Marciam, De Consolatione ad Polybium, and De Consolatione ad Helvia...

Introduction Human, All Too Human: A Book for Free Spirits  is a book by 19th-century philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, originally publi...

Introducton  Denis Diderot ( 5 October 1713 – 31 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent figure...

Parmenides (c. 485 BCE) was a Greek philosopher from the colony of Elea in southern Italy. He is known as the founder of the Eleatic Sc...